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„Migration und Recht“ in Russland:
"Memorial"
Contents
Migration situation 3
Objectives and Tasks of the Network
9
How "Migration Right"
Network functions 10
Partners of the "Migration
Right" Network 15
Relations with state agencies 17
Publication 19
List of Regional Legal Offices
of
the "Migration Right" Network 25
Network
of legal assistance to refugees, forced migrants and internally displaced
persons in regions of Russia
"The "Migration
Rights" network of legal assistance to forced migrants was founded in 1996
as a programme of the "Memorial" Human Rights Centre, an organization
veteran in the filed of human rights protection in Russia.
The basic aim of the programme is to
make competent legal aid free of charge accessible to every forced migrant.
At present the "Migration
Rights" network spans 46 regions of
Practice shows that the most active
regional offices become centres of a regional network, organizing additional
offices in the region and obtaining funding for them.
The coordinating centre of the
network is located in
The programme operates with the
support from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Ford Foundation,
and Mott Foundation. Funding from the TACIS democratic programme of the
European Union played an important role in the development of the network. Serious
financial support is provided by the government of the
As a result of many years of
cooperation between ECRE and "Migration Rights" Network, on February
27, 2003 the "Memorial" Human Rights Centre became the first member
of ECRE on the territory of the CIS.
Every year network lawyers provide
about 22000 consultations, render assistance in the preparation of over 2000
claims, complaints and applications to courts, provide 400 to 500 free
consultations at temporary placement centres and places with high migrant
population. Lawyers of the Network represent interests of migrants in courts in
over 1000 cases annually.
The Head of the network is Svetlana Alekseevna Gannushkina who also serves on the Board of the
"Memorial" Human Rights Centre and is a member of the Commission on
Migration of the Russian Government as well as a member of the Human Rights
Commission under the President of the
Contact information:
Address: 12, Maly
Karetny pereulok,
Telephone +7(095)200 65 06,
251 53 19,
790 74 55,
Fax +7(095)251 53 19,
917
89 61
e-mail: sgannuch@mtu-net.ru,
lcrmoscow@mtu-net.ru,
web-site: http://refugee.memo.ru
Migration
situation
Migration situation in
In 1993
The international law considers
persons who are forced to leave the place of abode as a result of an armed
conflict, continuous violations of human rights, acts of God or calamities
caused by the activity of man, and who do not cross state borders internally
displaced persons (IDPs). There is no such notion in
the Russian legislation.
Temporary asylum is granted to a
foreign citizen or stateless person when there are grounds for recognizing him
as a refugee or there are humanitarian reasons that require his temporary stay
on the RF territory (for example, poor health) until such reasons are no longer
effective or the legal status of the person changes.
We will call persons in coressponding situations refugees, forced migrants and IDP irrespective
of whether they are in the official status or not.
We estimate the total number of
migrants comprising the target group of the network, that is, refugees, forced
migrants, IDP, and, in part, labour migrants who need protection, at about 3
million.
In May 1996, Russian authorities
declared at the UN Conference on migration in CIS countries that there are
290,000 refugees and 900 forced migrants with corresponding status on the
During the last few years these
numbers have dropped considerably. Certificates of most refugees were decided
to have been wrongly issued. It turned out that the correct issuance of the
certificates would have involved passing a status determination procedure. Status
is granted to forced migrants for the term of 5 years, upon the expiration of
which migration bodies have to prolong it in case the migrant failed to settle
down. However, the majority of forced migrants lost the status without
receiving any assistance from the state.
As of today (the end of the year
2003), only 10 thousand persons have the status of refugee, out of whom 8
thousand are inhabitants of Southern Ossetia who
received the status in Northern Ossetia-Alania.
The number of refugees from far-away
countries is 411 persons only. There are about 1200 people who received
temporary asylum. The actual number of refugees is much higher,
there are no less than 150 thousand Afghani only on the territory of the
About 470 thousand migrants have the
status of forced migrant.
There is no special IDP status in
the Russian legislation. The status of forced migrant granted during the first
Chechen campaign was no longer granted when the warfare in
The foundation for migration policy
during the last 3 years has been the struggle against illegal migration
involving about 2 million Russian residents who previously resided in the
country on legitimate grounds.
Federal Law "On the Legal
Status of Foreign Citizens on the Territory of the RF", which became
effective in November 2002, deprived no less than 500 thousand persons (2
millions according to other evaluations) of our former compatriots who arrived
to Russia on legitimate grounds of legal status. This law distinguishes between
three types of legal status for foreign citizens and statless
persons on the territory of the RF: temporary stay, temporary residence and
permanent residence. Authorization for permanent residence is followed by the
issuance of a residence permit. Temporary stay of foreigners who obtained a
visa is legal through the term of visa validity. For the CIS citizens who have
the right of visa-free entry to
The quadrilateral treaty of February
26, 1999 made between
Federal Law "On RF
Citizenship" left many relatives of Russian citizens stateless. Suffered their elderly parents, children, husbands and wives.
Amendments passed on November 11, 2003 improved the situation but did not
resolve the problem completely. It is also necessary to point out that for the
first time from 1993 registration at the place of residence (propiska) was legally recognized as authority. In the
amendments propiska is used thrice to determine such
a fundamental right of an inhabitant of
The practice of law enforcement
often does not conform to laws and international obligations of
In summer 2003 the Resolution of the
RF Government of July 4, No. 404 "On the order of making compensation
payments for lost residence and property, damaged in the course of crisis
resolution in Chechen Republic to those permanently residing on its
territory". The amounts of payments envisaged by resolution No. 404 is 300
thousand roubles (10000 USD) for residence and 50 thousand roubles (1500 USD)
for property, which is no small amount for inhabitants of the Chechen Republic.
However, the Resolution includes a rather questionable mechanism of housing
loss determination. The right to receive compensation payments is only granted
to citizens whose housing is included into the list of hosuing
not subject to restoration as determined by the Government of the Chechen
Republic and the RF State Committee on Construction, Housing and Public
Utilities in coordination with the RF Ministry of Economic Development and
Trade and the RF Ministry of Interior. The other inhabitants of
Great hopes were attached to the
item 10 of Resolution No. 404, which obliged responsible ministries to submit
proposals for introduction of amendments to the resolution of the RF Government
of April 30, 1997, No. 510, "On the order of compensation payments for
lost housing and/or property to citizens who suffered as a result of crisis
resolution in the Chechen Republic and who left it irrevocably" to the RF
Government in the time of 2 months. These amedments
should have extended the timeframe of the validity of Resolution No. 510 so
that the compensation could be received by those who left
Thus, in spite of the fact that
Russia ratified the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees and the Additional Protocol
of 1967, as well as passed relatively liberal laws on refugees and forced
migrants, the state still refuses to treat migration problems as high priority
ones.
Several reorganizations of the
Federal Migration Service (FMS) took place during the last 3 years. The agency
ceased to exist as an independent institution in May 2002 and was incorporated
as a department into the Ministry on Affairs of Federation, National and
Migration Policy. When the ministry was dissolved in October 2001, the FMS
became part of the RF Ministry of Interior. These reorganizations caused a
paralysis in the activity of territorial bodies for a lengthy period of time,
and funding for programmes of assistance to forced migrants was practically
stopped. Now that the territorial migration agencies are transformed into the
Department on Migration Affairs (DMA) and incorporated into territorial bodies
of interior, the relation between FMS of the Ministry of Interior and
territorial DMAs is not that of direct subordination.
It is strictly limited to methodological support. One cannot expect a
consistent and humanitarian migration policy under such conditions.
The existing situation where forced
migrants lack legal protection makes them not only overcome difficulties of
settlement at a new place, but also defend their legitimate rights, with the
right to legalization becoming the principal one. Violation of migrantsÕs rights at the level of regional and departmental
standard regulation and in administrative practice is aggravated by the fact
that employees of bodies of interior cannot master all peculiarities of changed
and unreasonably complicated standard acts and procedures for issuing
authorization for temporary and permanent residence in a short period of time. The
lost right to stay on the territory of Russia for unlimited period of time
deprives our former compatriots from the CIS and Baltic countries of access to
medical assistance, school education, allowances for children, pensions, hope
for housing. Thus, part 3 of article 62 of the RF Constitution that reads
"foreign citizens and persons without citizenship in the RF use rights and
bear obligations on equal basis with RF citizens" is violated.
Without enough information on their
rights and obligations and without resources to pay for legal support and attorneyÕs assistance, migrants become a permanent object
of abuse by regional authorities and specific officials.
In these conditions free legal counsultations provided by NGOs to forced migrants become
the main, if not the only, source of independent and objective legal
assistance.
Defending rights of forced migrants
in court is not always effective. Judges often do not have necessary knowledge
of migration law and their perspective onto the practice of state agencies
being appealed against is unexamining. It is not rare
that they give preference to local normative acts over the federal legislation.
However, the judicial power, and in the first place the Constitutional Court
and the Supreme Court, at present gives a grounded hope that legislation and
statutory acts will be brought into conformance with the RF Constitution and
international law.
Resolution of the RF Government of
April 30, 1997 No. 510 on compensation to citizens who left Chechnya
irrevocably during the time of military actions, contained a requirement of
placement on record at migration bodies; besides, in 2001 the term of the
validity of this Resolution was limited. Upon our application, the Supreme
Court recognized that both are illegitimate. This, according to the FMS data,
made it possible for more than 1700 families additionally to receive
compensation. Each payment to a family constituted 4000Ñ4500 dollars, and the
lump sum of payments made as a result of these two decisions of the Supreme
Court constituted approximately 7 millions dollars. We also managed to achieve
introduction of changes into several
On multiple occasions (in 1996 and
1998) the
Great expectations are associated
with the possibilities of the European Court (EC), in spite of the lengthiness
of its procedures. Six applications supported by the "Memorial" Human
Right Centre were submitted to the EC by victims of hostilities in
Objectives
and Tasks of the Network
The main task of the Network is
protection of rights and legitimate interests of forced migrants. It is carried
out through the provision of free legal assistance, preparation of documents
including court documents for them, support of their interests in
administrative and judicial bodies. Legal assistance in the framework of the
programme is provided primarily to:
_ Refugees and forced migrants with
the corresponding legal status;
_ Persons who applied for the status
of refugee or forced migrant;
_ Persons who were refused status,
consideration of case or acceptance of documents;
_ Persons recognized as out of
status;
_ Persons who are in the same
situation as refugees or forced migrants, but for some reason cannot apply for
status;
_ Persons who are in the same
situation as refugees or forced migrants, but for some reason cannot apply for
status;
_ Victims of military and ethnical
conflicts and IDP;
_ Labour
migrants from regions with difficult economic situation.
In a number of cases legal
assistance is also provided to other categories of migrants.
The specific task of providing legal
assistance is only a part of a more general and promising goal: to create
conditions for the integration of migrants into the society, obtain a solution
of their problems on the basis of generally accepted legal standards; eliminate
discriminatory approach and arbitrary rule on behalf of officials at all
levels. That is why, in addition to providing specific legal assistance to
migrants, the Network pursues more general objectives.
_ First of all, it is the
generalization of judicial and administrative practice and development of
common legal opinion on the most typical and the most complicated categories of
cases.
_ Besides, it is the analysis and
monitoring of migration situation in the regions, the analysis of the situation
with status granting, social protection as well as the analysis of work of
migration services and local authorities with forced migrants.
_ Education
of migrants and enhancement of their juridical awareness through consultative
receptions and publication of manuals.
_ Development of public
consciousness, understanding of migration problems and benevolent attitude
towards migrants through active work with mass media and establishment of
constructive relationships with authorities at all levels.
_ Bringing
up a new generation of lawyers in the framework of the Network, who are
knowledgeable and oriented at the protection of migrantsÕ
rights. This is achieved by means of attracting law students to the work in the
Network as volunteers or practitioners for a small fee.
_ Labour migrants, who are put in
the position of servile dependence on employers and hence need support, are in
an extremely difficult position. It is particularly true of those who were
forced to look for a job in
_ In addition to that, xenophobia is
developing at a frightening speed and racism is growing in the society. As a
result, the position of refugees and persons seeking asylum becomes not only
uncertain from the legal point of view, but also physically dangerous. The
network is forced to undertake protection of persons who suffered from
xenophobia and became subject of persecution by extremist groups and law
enforcement officers infected by racism.
How
"Migration Right" Network functions
Regional offices are the foundation
of the Network. As a rule, they are created on the basis of non-government
organizations engaged in problems of migration and defending rights of
refugees, forced migrants and IDPs. We make an
agreement of non-commercial partnership with these organizations. Several
regional offices operate directly from the base of state migration agencies. This
is possible in the regions where the attitude towards migrants is benevolent.
The Network proved to be an
efficient mechanism for the work of the "Memorial" Human Rights
Centre as a whole. After the resumption of hostilities in
It is only in the
Obligations of each regional office
include:
_ Consultations,
no less than 16 hours a week. Information about the place
and time of consultations is published in local press, advertized
through regional migration bodies, and brought to the attention of migrants
through other methods;
_ Assistance in preparation of
complaints and applications to administrative and judicial bodies;
_ Legal assistance to
non-governmental organizations working to secure migrantsÕ
rights, first of all to organizations of migrants;
_ Direct participation in court
trials in the most important or complicated cases;
_ Trips to temporary placement
centres and compact settlements of migrants for consultations;
_ Organization of round table
discussions on the problems of migration in cooperation with representatives of
state agencies;
_ Participation in regular seminars
of the Network;
_ Analysis of local legislative acts
on the problems of migration, participation in the development of such acts;
_ Answers to letters from migrants;
_ Work with mass media at the
regional level;
_ Submission of regular reports on
migration situation in the region and about the work of the office to the
Coordination Centre;
_ Support of local activists,
involvement of law students into the work with migrants;
_ Use of the
computer intranet.
Regional offices report to the
Coordination Centre. The Coordination Centre accumulates and analyzes all
information on the activity of the Network, including reports from regional
offices, and conducts organizational work;
develops
programmes of training seminars, organizes the seminars and publishes their
proceedings and other literature1 following the seminars;
acquires
and supplies regional offices with necessary literature, as well as technical
equipment;
keeps
books of the Network.
Employees of the Coordination Centre
periodically visit regional offices, participate in regional events and are
engaged in regular electronic communication with all the regional offices of
the Network.
Reports are sent in three times a
month unless the sponsor requires more frequent reporting. Reports are prepared
using a common format and stored in corresponding Lotus Notes databases. All
regional offices are connected with each other via Internet. To facilitate
exchange of experience, a database on judicial cases handled by lawyers in the
regional offices has been developed. The databases resides
on a server running Lotus Domino, which is located at the Coordination Centre
in
The centre developed and constantly
updates databases on legislation, on replies from ministries and other state
agencies to inquiries of Network employees of general relevance, on the
migration situation and its evaluation by lawyers, other organizations and
media. Each regional office maintains Lotus Notes client software and local
replicas of necessary databases locally. Periodic synchronization with the
central server makes it possible to achieve timely updating of information.
Besides, the majority of information
on the operation of the Network, including addresses of the regional offices, their
telephones and hours are accessible via Internet at the address
http://refugee.memo.ru.
The Network employs highly qualified
lawyer consultants who analyze and generalize reports of regional colleagues
and judicial practice;
answer
to inquiries from regional offices, participate in drafting bills on the
matters touching upon the rights of forced migrants;
give
opinion on bills and effective federal and regional acts. These opinions are
brought to the attention of state agencies, deputies of the State Duma, non-government organizations and other interested
parties.
At least twice a year the
"Migration Rights" Network holds seminars on the problems of
migration law, topical for
In addition to training seminars, in
2002-2003 we organized 4 seminars for attorneys Ñ members of the Chechen Bar on
the subject of changes in the Russian legislation and work of attorneys at
courts together with the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of
the Organization for Security and Co-operation in
A feeling of isolation from the
world was overcome; our trainees felt again that they are lawyers and people
whose problems are important to the world. They bring this feeling to
A seminar on the same subject was
held together with the UNHCR (offices in
The Network also organized two
international seminars in
The work of the "Migration
Rights" Network has shown that legal consultations together with legal
support in specific cases (up to the highest instance) can create positive
legal practice and thus change the situation of migrants for the better.
This is attained in different ways.
One of the ways is to organize
winning of a large amount of cases of the same type in courts, attracting
attention of the Supreme Court to the problem as a whole with the objective to
elicit a resolution of the plenum of the Supreme Court or an instruction letter
of corresponding content.
In 1997 payments of compensations
for lost residence and property to citizens who fled
After a number of applications, a
plenum of the Supreme Court in 1996 indicated it to courts (in the case of Kakulia) that for the cases related to refusals in status
granting, the burden of proof lies not only with the applicant, as it happens
in a usual civil process, but with migration bodies as well, as the applicant
in his situation often can only present facts of persecution, but not prove
them. Check of the information presented by the person seeking asylum is an
obligation of state agencies that have all capabilities necessary to do that.
Citizens of the
Another method is an application to
the Supreme Court or Constitutional Court for protection of interests of an
undetermined group of persons, when the decision on recognition of a legal act
or its part as contradictory and not subject to enforcement made by the supreme
judicial authority causes a change in the situation as a whole, and from then
on analogous cases are resolved without resorting to court.
Thus, according to the Resolution
No. 510 of the RF Government of April 30, 1997, compensations could be received
only by citizens who left
By a determination of the
Partners
of the "Migration Right" Network
The "Migration Rights"
programme exists and successfully develops thanks to a partnership with other
organizations engaged in the problems of migration.
First of all, this is the regional
office of the UNHCR in
In 1997, in the course of
implementation of a project under the TACIS programme, the Network became a
partner of ECRE and its legal network ELENA, which unites lawyers specializing
in legal assistance to refugees. Cooperation with ECRE/ELENA is exceptionally
valuable for us because of the huge experience accumulated by this
international organization that assists us in the organization of training
seminars for Russian lawyers, analysis of the international situation,
development of law and literature in the field of migration. We are planning to
increase the participation of Network lawyers in activities of ECRE/ELENA, as
well as promote more intensive exchange of experience and useful information,
taking advantage of the membership of the "Memorial" HRC in ECRE.
The Network successfully cooperates
with foreign non-governmental organizations, including Amnesty International,
Human Rights Watch, Danish Council on Refugees, Finnish Council for the
assistance to refugees, Norwegian Council for Refugees. The Network maintains
direct contacts with non-governmental organizations of other CIS countries
working to provide assistance to forced migrants and exchanges information with
them, which makes it possible to have an understanding of the migration
situation in these countries.
To mention the Programme partners
among Russian non-government organizations, first of all these are four other
programmes of the "Memorial" HRC, "Discrimination on Ethnical
Grounds", "Persecution on Political Motives", "Trouble
Spots", "Preparation of Cases for the European Court". All of
these programmes are related to monitoring of situation with human rights in
different regions of
Of significant importance to the
operation of the Network is the constructive cooperation with organizations of
migrants themselves, first of all with their association, the Forum of migrant
organizations. The Forum puts forward as its objective the protection of
interests of migrant organizations in their relations with public organizations
in the centre and locally, and its branches exist in many Russian regions. In
some regions lawyers of the Network are working directly from the base of
organizations part of the Forum; in any case they are striving to establish a
working interaction with the Forum.
The closest working and personal
relationship exists between the Network and the oldest non-government
organization caring about forced migrants, the Moscow Committee for Assistance
to Refugees and Forced Migrants Ñ the "Civic Assistance" Committee. The
One more partner of the Programme is
the Independent Council of Legal Expertise, which has distingushed
lawyers-researchers and practitioners among its members. This organization
provides assistance to the Network in the organization of seminars, preparation
of expert opinions on drafts of laws and effective normative acts touching upon
the rights of forced migrants, as well as in the analysis of the existing law
enforcement practice.
Locally, regional offices of the
Network cooperate with regional human rights organizations, and primarily with
branches of "Memorial", organizations of migrants and their
communities, lawyer associations. Regional offices of the Network work from their
base, their addresses and names can be found in the list of Network regional
offices below. We thank all of our regional partners for cooperation and
continuous support of the "Migration Rights" Network.
Relations
with state agencies
We realize that the main objectives
of the Network, the protection of migrantsÕ rights
and development of legal approach to the solution of migration problems from
the perspective of the international obligations of the
The key role in the registration of
newly arrived migrants, in the granting of status to them and in their
settlement is played by the Ministry of Interior. Local bodies of interior are
far from being always aware of the differences between the rights of usual travelers and those of forced migrants, victims of ethnic
dissension, violence, and discrimination. The Network tries to achieve
uniformity in the application of laws and normative acts of the RF by the
bodies of interior through the Ministry of Interior.
In the course of its work the
Network often approaches the Prosecutor GeneralÕs
Office with petitions asking for lodgement of protests against regional and
departmental normative acts contradicting to the federal legislation. Such
applications are supported by expert opinions prepared by consultants of the
Coordination Centre or Independent Council of Legal Expertise. The Prosecutor GeneralÕs Office sharing the point of view expressed by us
lodges a protest with the corresponding state agency, and if the protest is
rejected, they resort to court. Such active and fruitful cooperation has on
multiple occasions caused abolishment of illegitimate normative acts and gives
grounds to the belief that a uniform understanding and application of federal
legislation on the whole territory of Russia is an attainable goal.
Sometimes we apply to the Ministry
of Justice with a request to perform an examination of a normative act being
contested. Such an examination strengthens our position in courts.
One of the ways to establish mutual
understanding between the Network and bodies of the executive is through the
participation of representatives of the federal migration service and passport
and visa service of the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Prosecutor GeneralÕs Office and other institutions in
the seminars for lawyers of the Network. The reports, in which they state the
position of their agencies, answers to the questions that they provide and
their participation in the general discussion are extremely useful for further
work. As a rule, agencies show interest in such cooperation, which undoubtedly
helps to find answers to many complicated questions
that the migrants face. Besides, lawyers from regions get a chance of direct
communication with representatives of federal agencies.
Taking into account the urgent need
in partial updating and improvement of the legislation, regulating a legal
position of forced migrants, the Network is striving to attract attention of
the State Duma to this problem. Here it is based on
the support of a number of deputies who are like-minded, first of all that of
the deputy V.V. Igrunov, one of the initiators of the
creation of the "Memorial" HRC and "Civic Assistance"
Committee.
PUBLICATIONS
Proceedings of the "Migration
Rights" Network Seminars
Seminar 1,
Setting up a network of legal
assistance for refugees and forced migrants in
Seminar 2,
Dealing with the problems of
refugees and forced migrants through the legislative, judicial and
administrative systems.
Seminar 3,
Violation of
international norms and the Russian legislation on the rights of refugees and
forced migrants. (2 and 3 seminar
in one book). Zvenya,
Seminar 4,
Current
problems of migration. International mechanism for refugeesÕ rights protection. URAO,
Seminar 5,
Legal problems of citizenship
acquisition by forced migrants and their job placement on the territory of the
Seminar 6,
Legal issues concerning the social
protection of forced migrants in
Seminar 7,
ELENA International Course on
Refugee and Asylum Law (unpublished).
Special Seminar,
Refugee status determination:
standard of proof and status determination of undocumented asylum seekers. R.Valent,
Seminar 8,
Problems of
victims of warfare in the
Seminar 9,
State of administrative and judicial
practice on the issues pertaining to the situation of refugees and forced settlers
(is being translated)
M. Lobov. Issues concerning the application of the European Convention on
Human Rights. Guarantees of rights to property.
Protection of refugeesÕ rights.
Supervision over the execution of the
Seminar 10,
Tax and tariff legislation as
applied to problems of forced migrants. R.Valent,
Seminar 11,
Legal and
social situation of forced migrants in
Seminar 12,
Work with Asylum Seekers
Seminar 13,
Legal and social problems of
internally displaced persons (IDPs)
Seminar 14,
Problems of theory and practice of
application of new legislative norms
Reports
S. Gannushkina. On the
Implementation by the Russian Federation of the Programme of Action Developed
in May 1996 at the Regional Conference to Address the Problems of Refugees,
Displaced Persons, Other Forms of Involuntary Displacement and Returnees in the
Counties of the CIS and Relevant Neighboring States. R.Valent,
O.P. Orlov Conditional Justice. On the situation with investigation of crimes against civil
persons, committed by representatives of federal forces in the territory of
Anna Politkovskaya
Alien War, or Life behind the Toll Bar.
Manuals for Migrants
L.V. Andreychenko,
E.V. Belousova. In an assistance to
forced migrants. Zvenya,
(published
upon order of the "Civic Assistance Committee")
B.N. Dulnev
Checks of documents and registration in a public placeÉ
R.Valent,
(published
upon order of the "Civic Assistance Committee")
Booklets
Civic AssistanceÈ
Committee (format 20x20). R.Valent,
Civic AssistanceÈ
Committee (format 10x20). R.Valent,
Migration RightÈ Network. R.Valent,
Stand 08-2004.